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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
Time: 3:43 am
Time: 3:43 am
Results for costs of crime (canada)
3 results foundAuthor: Zhang, Ting Title: Costs of Crime in Canada, 2008 Summary: The present study provides estimates of the social and economic costs of crime in Canada. Drawing on a variety of methods documented in existing literature and other similar studies, an economic model was developed that outlined the financial costs associated with crime in Canada. Data sources used for the estimation included the Police Administration Survey, the Adult Criminal Court Survey (ACCS), the Integrated Correctional Services Survey (ICSS), the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), the 2004 General Social Survey (GSS) and various governmental publications. In 2008, the total (tangible) social and economic costs of Criminal Code offences in Canada were approximately $31.4 billion. This amounted to a per capita cost of $943 per year. However, this is likely to be a conservative estimate due to the unavailability of data in many areas. Despite best efforts to account for all the financial impacts of crime, only a partial picture of the true range of costs is ever available. The costs outlined herein were borne by the criminal justice system, victims of crimes and third parties in general. Details of the estimated costs of each category are presented in Summary Table 1. The costs pertaining to the Canadian criminal justice system in 2008 amounted to about $15.0 billion for policing, court, prosecution, legal aid, correctional services and mental health review boards. This figure accounted for approximately 2.5% of the total annual expenditures by all levels of governments in 2008. A breakdown of the total criminal justice costs by sector reveals that policing services used the majority of justice expenditures (57.2%), followed by corrections (32.2%), courts (4.5%), prosecutions (3.5%) and legal aid (2.5%). The most direct impact of crime is borne by victims. Of the total estimated costs, $14.3 billion was incurred as a direct result of crime, for such items as medical attention, hospitalizations, lost wages, missed school days, stolen/damaged property. Specifically, productivity losses represented 47.0% of the total costs borne by victims followed by stolen/damaged property (42.9%) and health care costs (10.1%). While crime has its most significant impact on victims, others suffer as well. Family members may grieve the loss of a loved one or take time off from their daily activities to accompany victims (e.g., to court or doctor's appointments). Governments also provide various victim services and compensation programs to help victims. All these costs are reflected in the costs to the third-party. In 2008, the total costs borne by the third-party were about 2.1 billion, including the costs to other people who were hurt or threatened in the incidents, government expenditures for providing victim services, running shelters and operating national crime prevention strategies, etc. Prior to the mid-1980s, it was generally believed that the costs of the criminal justice system dwarfed the costs imposed on victims. Once economists began to include the intangible costs of crime such as pain and suffering and lost quality of life, this relationship was reversed. For example, victim costs accounted for 45.6% of the total estimated tangible costs as presented above, but would account for 82.8% of the total costs if those intangible costs were taken into account. However, placing a monetary value on intangible items is subject to considerable uncertainty and controversy. Many studies have attempted to estimate the intangible costs of crime borne to victims, but no study has been able to produce estimates without much addendum and much critique. Notwithstanding the differences in method among studies, the consensus remains that intangible costs are often the most expensive component of victim costs. In the present study, it is estimated that the total intangible costs were about $68.2 billion in 2008, which increased the total costs of crime to $99.6 billion. See Summary Table 2 for details of the estimates of intangible costs. While intangible costs are borne by victims, they are presented separately from other tangible victim costs as these figures are based on more subjective criteria. Detailed calculations are presented in Appendix A-D. In 2005, the Research and Statistics Division estimated the total costs of crime in Canada to be $70 billion. Apart from changes in the composition and consequences of crimes, characteristics of cases disposed in criminal court, legislation and inflation, improvements in the costing methodology and data sources used have resulted in a significant increase in the total costs of crime. As certain cost elements are not included (such as mental health care costs, life-time productivity losses, lost legitimate incomes for offenders and psychological impacts on family members, etc.), it is reasonable to suggest the current 2008 estimate of $99.6 billion ($31.4 billion+$68.2 billion) is a conservative estimate. Details: Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 2010. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 16, 2011 at: http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/rs/rep-rap/2011/rr10_5/rr10_5.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Canada URL: http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/rs/rep-rap/2011/rr10_5/rr10_5.pdf Shelf Number: 121370 Keywords: Costs of Crime (Canada)Costs of Criminal Justice |
Author: Ipsos MediaCT Title: Economic consequences of movie piracy - Canada Summary: A joint study undertaken by Ipsos and Oxford Economics, on behalf of the Canadian Motion Picture Distributors Association (CMPDA), measures the scale of harm caused by movie piracy on Canadian jobs and the economy. The study defines and measures movie piracy as anyone viewing a full-length movie via ‘unauthorized’ means, including: digital (downloading, streaming, digital transfer of pirated copies), physical (buying counterfeit/copied DVDs), and secondary (borrowing or viewing pirated copies). The study measures the impact of movie piracy in two steps: 1/ the direct consumer spending loss to the movie industry and retailers from movie piracy, based on a nationally representative telephone survey of 3,325 adults aged 18 and over, conducted from June to September 2010 and 2/ the “ripple effects” of the consumer spending loss to determine the total economic losses from movie piracy across the entire Canadian economy. Note: The results offer a conservative view of piracy, and do not treat every pirate view as a lost sale. As such, the results should be treated as indicators that piracy is at the very least causing this level of harm. Details: London: Oxford Economics, 2012, 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 13, 2012 at http://www.mpa-canada.org/press/IPSOS-OXFORD-ECONOMICS-Report_February-17-2011.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Canada URL: http://www.mpa-canada.org/press/IPSOS-OXFORD-ECONOMICS-Report_February-17-2011.pdf Shelf Number: 125345 Keywords: Costs of Crime (Canada)Movie Piracy (Canada) |
Author: Easton, Stephen Title: The Cost of Crime in Canada Summary: While in 1998 Canada spent over $42.4 billion on crime- $15.5 billion on what we think of as the direct cost of crime and the remainder on the less easily measured consequences for the victims - today's estimates reveal that Canadians spend over $85 billion being victimized by, catching, and punishing crime. Victims' losses through criminal acts committed against them amount to over $47 billion, more than half of the total. The current cost of crime is over 5% of our national product and this is an underestimate. The crime rate has been falling since the early 1990s and there is a paradox here since in many dimensions the cost of crime has risen, not fallen. At the same time as crime is declining, the cost of dealing with crime by the police, the courts, and the prisons has become greater. At least part of the reason for this increase has been the requirements of the justice system itself. To safeguard the rights of Canadians, the Supreme Court of Canada has imposed a set of evolving requirements on the police and prosecution that make it manifestly more expensive to capture and prosecute. This is not to argue that the courts should not impose these requirements. It is, however, important to understand their consequences and, of course, there are other contributors to the increasing costs. Over the decade from 2002 to 2012 the crime rate has fallen by roughly 27%: from 7,700 to 5,600 crimes per 100,000 of the population. Nonetheless, the cost of dealing with crime by the justice system has risen by 35%. The greatest increases have been in policing (44%) followed by corrections at (33%). One of the puzzles has been that the incarceration rate has changed little since 1978 while the crime rate fluctuated from a 1991 peak of over 10,000 per 100,000 to 5,600 today. Our measure of the cost of crime has many gaps. Canadian data do not permit an annual assessment of the cost of crime at this time. We have provided or developed annual measures for different components of crime, including the cost of the justice system and the cost of pain and suffering associated with the crimes that we measure. However, there are still no annual assessments of the costs of private security, business losses, medical costs, foregone productivity costs, and a number of other contributors to the overall cost of crime. Details: Vancouver, BC: Fraser Institute, 2014. 122p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 16, 2014 at: http://www.fraserinstitute.org/uploadedFiles/fraser-ca/Content/research-news/research/publications/cost-of-crime-in-canada-2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://www.fraserinstitute.org/uploadedFiles/fraser-ca/Content/research-news/research/publications/cost-of-crime-in-canada-2014.pdf Shelf Number: 133729 Keywords: Costs of Crime (Canada)Costs of Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice Expenditures |